LISICON – Solid Electrolyte example- Conduction animation

Commercial lithium ion batteries generally use lithium salts such as Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and solvent in the electrolyte. Water cannot be used as the solvent due to the high voltage of the battery reaction, which is sufficient to electrolyse water. Instead, organic solvents are used in most cases. However, in extreme conditions or in the cases of manufacturing error, the organic solvent can be potential flammable and lead to safety issues.

Solid electrolytes have been of particular interest because of the possibility to make a safer and non-combustible battery. It is thus important to study the structure and lithium diffusion pathways in solid electrolytes.
LISICON

LISICON, which stands for “Li superionic conductor”, was initially proposed by Hong in 1978. The first example was Li14Zn(GeO4)4. It has a rigid framework of Li11Zn(GeO4)4 where the stationery lithium ions share sites with zinc. The three remaining mobile lithium ions are divided into two types.

Click the checkboxes below to view the two types of Lithium ions. Lithium ions diffuse by moving between the two types of mobile sites, giving 2 dimensional diffusion channels.

Lithium ions diffuse in 2 dimensional channels between neighbouring octahedral sites (shown in blue in the diffusion animation). The single cell diffusion animation shows the diffusion bottlenecks (shown as blue parallelograms in the animation) which consist of 4 oxygen atoms. The smallest diameter of the bottlenecks should be larger than twice the sum of the mobile lithium ion and the oxygen atom radii.

H. Y. P. Hong, Mater. Res. Bull., 1978, 13, 117-124.

Further reading on research at Liverpool on developing solid electrolyte materials.

Lithium transport in Li4.4M0.4M’0.6S4 (M= Al3+, Ga3+ and M’= Ge4+, Sn4+): Combined crystallographic, conductivity, solid state NMR and computational studies
B, T. Leube, K, K. Inglis, E. Carrington, P. M. Sharp, J. F. Shin, A. R. Neale, T. D. Manning, M. J. Pitcher, L. J. Hardwick, M. S. Dyer, F. Blanc, J. B. Claridge, and M. J. Rosseinsky
Chem. Matter., 30 (2018), 7183-7200

Observation of Interfacial Degradation of Li6PS5Cl against Lithium Metal and LiCoO2 via In Situ Electrochemical Raman Microscopy
Y Zhou, C Doerrer, J Kasemchainan, P.G. Bruce, M. Pasta, L.J. Hardwick
Batteries & Supercaps (2020), 3, 647-652


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