Graphite anode

graphite

Lithium ions diffuse in 2 dimensional planes between layers of graphene. Note that after lithium insertion, the distance between graphene layers is larger than that of graphite, which gives approximately 10% volume expansion.

Graphite is still the most widely used anode material since its first application to commercial Lithium ion batteries by SONY in 1991. Note that hiding the lithium does not give you the true image of delithiated graphite, as after lithium insertion, the distance between each lithiated graphene layer will be longer and in total the material undergoes about 10% volume expansion.

K. Persson, V. A. Sethuraman, L. J. Hardwick, Y. Hinuma, Y. S. Meng, A. van der Ven, V. Srinivasan, R. Kostecki and G. Ceder, J. Phys. Chem., 2010, 1, 1176-1180.

Further reading on research at Liverpool on understanding intercalation of lithium ions in graphite.

In Situ Raman Study of Lithium-Ion Intercalation into Microcrystalline Graphite C. Sole, N. Drewett, L.J. Hardwick, Faraday Discuss., 172 (2014) 223-237 
In Situ Study of Li Intercalation into Highly Crystalline Graphitic Flakes of Varying Thicknesses Zou, J.; Sole, C.; Drewett, N. E.; Velický, M.; Hardwick, L. J.  J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7 (21), 4291–4296.

 


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