A Level Nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl group Amide formation

Above is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction at a carbonyl group, in which the phenyl and carbonyl groups remain in the molecule, but the chloride group is replaced with the amine group. The molecule of ammonia acts as the nucleophile with the chloride atom as the leaving group.

C. A. G. N. Montalbetti and V. Falque, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 10827–10852.

Above is an example of a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction at a carbonyl group, in which the phenyl and carbonyl groups remain in the molecule, but the chloride group is replaced with the amine group. The molecule of ammonia acts as the nucleophile with the chloride atom as the leaving group.