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• C=O nucleophilic addition
  • Borohydride reduction
  • Cyanide addition
  • Hemiacetal formation
  • Grignard and organolithium addition
• C=O nucleophilic substitution
  • Ester hydrolysis/formation - acid catalysis
  • Amide formation from acid chloride
• C=O addition - loss of carbonyl oxygen
  • Acetal formation
  • Cyclic acetal formation
  • Enamine formation
  • Wittig reaction
  • Imine formation
• Conjugate addition
  • How conjugation changes the reactivity of carbonyl groups
  • Enolisation
  • Direct conjugate addition with enols
  • Conjugate addition of enolates
  • Robinson annelation
  • Dimedone synthesis
• Cycloadditions
  • Ozonolysis
• Electrophilic addition to alkenes
  • Stereospecific addition
  • Epoxidation peracid
  • Unsymmetrical alkenes HBr
  • Regioselective addition
  • Diene bromination
• Diels-Alder reactions
  • Endo v Exo
  • Diels Alder: orbital explanation for the endo rule
  • Regioselectivity in Diels-Alder
  • Dienophile stereochemistry
  • Diene stereochemistry
    • E,E diene
    • E,Z diene
    • Z,Z diene
• Nucleophilic substitution
  • Simple S_N2 reaction
  • S_N1 and S_N2
  • Carbocation structure and stability
• Elimination
  • E2 bimolecular examples
    • E2 to form diene
    • E2 Stereoselective for E
    • E2 Stereospecific Acyclic
    • E2 Cyclohexyl Diast A
    • E2 Cyclohexyl Diast B
  • E1 unimolecular
  • E1cb unimolecular conjugate base
• Electrophilic aromatic substition
  • Nitration of benzene
  • Friedel-Crafts alkylation
  • Friedel-Crafts acylation
  • Sulfonation of benzene
• Enols and Enolates as nucleophiles
  • Cyclopentanone Aldol - acid cat.
  • Intramolecular aldol reactions
  • Knoevenagel condensation
  • Lithium enolates
  • Mannich reaction
  • Enolate acylation - Claisen condensation
• Pericyclic reactions
  • Cycloadditions
    • Diels Alder: orbital explanation for the endo rule
    • Regioselectivity in Diels-Alder
    • Ozonolysis 1,3-dipolar
    • Nitrone 1,3-dipolar
  • Sigmatropic rearrangements
    • [3,3]-Claisen rearrangement acyclic
    • [3,3]-Ireland-Claisen
    • [2.3]-shift sulfoxide
    • [1,5]-H shift cyclopentadiene
    • [3,3]-Fischer Indole
  • Electrocyclic reactions
    • Stereospecificity
    • Conrotatory - cyclobutene
    • Disrotatory - hexatriene
• Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
  • Atomic Orbitals
  • Simple Molecular Orbitals
    • Hydrogen
    • Fluorine
    • Methane
    • Ethylene (Ethene)
    • Acetylene(Ethyne)
    • Allene
    • Formaldehyde(Methanal)
    • Benzene
  • Butadiene Molecular Orbitals
  • Benzene Molecular Orbitals
  • Aromaticity of cyclic polyenes
• Molecular vibrations-IR
  • Water
  • Hydrogen Cyanide
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Ammonia
  • Boron Trifluoride
  • Methane
  • Ethylene(Ethene)
  • Phophorus Pentafluoride
  • Iron Pentacarbonyl
  • Benzene
• Dipoles and Electrostatic surfaces
  • Small Polar Molecules
  • Unsaturated Molecules
  • Lone Pair Conjugation
  • Hydration of Carbonyl Compounds
• UV - conjugation
  • Butadiene v Ethylene
  • Linear Polyenes
  • Coming soon
• Coming soon - new
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Bonding orbitals in Hydrogen

Use the buttons to display the 1s orbitals that make up the sigma framework and the resulting sigma bonding and antibonding orbitals.

Explore bonding orbitals in other small molecules

Hydrogen | Fluorine | Methane | Ethylene | Acetylene | Allene | Formaldehyde | Benzene